Since the verbs “ser” and “estar” are both translated by the same English verb “to be,” they create a great deal of confusion for most English-speaking students. These two verbs are also widely used in many idiomatic expressions and key Spanish phrases. Learning the correct usuage of these verbs is essential if you ever hope to achieve any degree of language fluency. By memorizing the simple rules below, you can avoid confusing these frequently used verbs.
Let’s start first with the verb “estar” since the rules for using it are easier. This verb is primarily used for showing location. For example, “El libro está en la mesa.” (The book is on the table). We also use estar to express “temporary” conditions: “José está enfermo” (Joe is sick) or ‘La ventana está abierta” (The window is open). Both of the last two examples reflect an impermanent state or condition.
Now let’s look at the other verb which means “to be” in Spanish “ser.” The most important use of this verb is to describe ‘permanent’ conditions or characteristics which are unlikely to change. For example, “Juan es alto” (John is tall). Therer is no way he is going to shrink.
“Ser” is also used to express someone’s profession or what they habitually do. “María es estudiante” (Mary is a student); or “Juan es doctor” (John is a doctor). Get the idea? We also use ser to express one’s nationality: “Juan es de México” (John is from Mexico). In addition, this verb is used to tell time and with colors. For instance, “Es la una (It is one o’clock); or “El libro es rojo” (The book is red). Finally, we use ser to express what things are made of: “El libro es de papel” (The book is made of paper).
Be aware that there are numerous adjectives which can be used with both “ser‘ and “estar” but with different meanings. If you say, “Juan está enfermo” (John is sick), you are essentially saying that he has a temporary illness or condition, like a cold. On the other hand, if you say, “Juan es enfermo” (also translated as John is sick), using the verb “ser” you are saying he has a chronic, permanent illness or disease. The are countless other examples of how you can use either one of these verbs to change the meaning of some adjectives. Keep these subtle differences in mind when you are trying to express your thoughts in Spanish.

Tiquismo of the week: Macho is usually used to denote a male animal or a gentleman who is very manily. However, in Costa Rica this word usually refers to a person with blonde hair and light-colored skin.